Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is autoimmune disease with chronic hyperglycaemic state. Besides diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and\nneuropathy, T1D is characterized by poor bone health.Thereduced bone mineralization and quality/strength, due to hyperglycemia,\nhypoinsulinemia, autoimmune inflammation, low levels of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vitamin D, lead to vertebral/hip\nfractures. Young age of T1D manifestation, chronic poor glycemic control, high daily insulin dose, low BMI, reduced renal function,\nand the presence of complications can be helpful in identifying T1D patients at risk of reduced bone mineral density. Although risk\nfactors for fracture risk are still unknown, chronic poor glycemic control and presence of diabetic complications might raise the\nsuspicion of elevated fracture risk in T1D. In the presence of the risk factors, the assessment of bone mineral density by dual-energy\nX-ray absorptiometry and the search of asymptomatic vertebral fracture by lateral X-ray radiography of thorax-lumbar spine should\nbe recommended. The improvement of glycemic control may have a beneficial effect on bone in T1D. Several experiments showed\npromising results on using anabolic pharmacological agents (recombinant IGF-1 and parathyroid hormone) in diabetic rodents\nwith bone disorder. Randomized clinical trials are needed in order to test the possible use of bone anabolic therapies in humans\nwith T1D
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